Concurrency vs. Parallelism: Understanding Key Concepts in Clojure and Java

16.1.2 Concurrency vs. Parallelism§

In the realm of software development, especially when transitioning from Java to Clojure, understanding the concepts of concurrency and parallelism is crucial. These terms are often used interchangeably, but they represent distinct ideas that can significantly impact how we design and optimize our applications. In this section, we’ll delve into these concepts, explore their differences, and see how they relate to asynchronous programming in Clojure.

Understanding Concurrency§

Concurrency is about dealing with lots of things at once. It’s the ability of a program to manage multiple tasks simultaneously, but not necessarily executing them at the same time. Concurrency is more about the structure of the program and how it handles multiple tasks, allowing them to make progress without necessarily running in parallel.

In Java, concurrency is often managed using threads. A thread is a lightweight process that can run independently within a program. Java provides several mechanisms to handle concurrency, such as the Thread class, Runnable interface, and the ExecutorService framework.

Concurrency in Java§

Here’s a simple example of concurrency in Java using threads:

public class ConcurrencyExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Runnable task1 = () -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                System.out.println("Task 1 - Count: " + i);
            }
        };

        Runnable task2 = () -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                System.out.println("Task 2 - Count: " + i);
            }
        };

        Thread thread1 = new Thread(task1);
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(task2);

        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();
    }
}

In this example, two tasks are defined and run concurrently. The tasks are not necessarily executed simultaneously, but they are interleaved, allowing both to make progress.

Concurrency in Clojure§

Clojure, being a functional language, approaches concurrency differently. It provides several concurrency primitives like atoms, refs, agents, and futures to manage state changes safely across threads.

Here’s a simple example using Clojure’s future to achieve concurrency:

(defn task [name]
  (dotimes [i 5]
    (println (str name " - Count: " i))))

(def task1 (future (task "Task 1")))
(def task2 (future (task "Task 2")))

@task1
@task2

In this Clojure example, future is used to run tasks concurrently. The @ symbol is used to dereference the future, ensuring that the main thread waits for the tasks to complete.

Understanding Parallelism§

Parallelism is about doing lots of things at once. It involves executing multiple tasks simultaneously, typically on multiple CPU cores. Parallelism is a subset of concurrency, where tasks are not only managed concurrently but are also executed in parallel.

Parallelism in Java§

Java provides the ForkJoinPool and parallel streams to facilitate parallelism. Here’s an example using Java’s parallel streams:

import java.util.stream.IntStream;

public class ParallelismExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        IntStream.range(0, 10).parallel().forEach(i -> {
            System.out.println("Processing: " + i);
        });
    }
}

In this example, the parallel() method is used to process elements in parallel, leveraging multiple CPU cores.

Parallelism in Clojure§

Clojure’s pmap function allows for parallel processing of collections. Here’s an example:

(defn process [n]
  (println (str "Processing: " n)))

(pmap process (range 10))

In this Clojure example, pmap is used to apply the process function to each element in the range in parallel.

Concurrency vs. Parallelism: Key Differences§

• Concurrency is about managing multiple tasks at once, while parallelism is about executing multiple tasks simultaneously.
• Concurrency can be achieved on a single-core processor, whereas parallelism requires multiple cores.
• Concurrency is more about the design and structure of the program, while parallelism is about execution.

Asynchronous Programming and Concurrency§

Asynchronous programming is a form of concurrency that allows a single thread to manage multiple tasks efficiently. It enables non-blocking operations, where tasks can be initiated and then completed at a later time, allowing the program to continue executing other tasks in the meantime.

Asynchronous Programming in Java§

Java provides the CompletableFuture class for asynchronous programming:

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;

public class AsyncExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("Running async task");
        });

        future.join(); // Wait for the task to complete
    }
}

In this example, CompletableFuture.runAsync is used to run a task asynchronously.

Asynchronous Programming in Clojure§

Clojure’s core.async library provides channels and go blocks for asynchronous programming:

(require '[clojure.core.async :refer [go <! >! chan]])

(defn async-task [c]
  (go
    (Thread/sleep 1000)
    (>! c "Task completed")))

(let [c (chan)]
  (async-task c)
  (println "Waiting for task...")
  (println (<! c)))

In this Clojure example, a channel c is created, and a task is run asynchronously using a go block. The main thread waits for the task to complete by reading from the channel.

Diagrams and Visualizations§

To better understand these concepts, let’s visualize the flow of tasks in concurrency and parallelism.

Diagram 1: Concurrency Flow - This diagram illustrates how tasks are managed concurrently, allowing them to progress without necessarily running in parallel.

    graph TD;
	    A[Start] --> B[Parallelism];
	    B --> C[Task 1];
	    B --> D[Task 2];
	    C --> E[End];
	    D --> E;

Diagram 2: Parallelism Flow - This diagram shows tasks being executed simultaneously, leveraging multiple CPU cores.

Try It Yourself§

Experiment with the code examples provided. Try modifying the number of tasks or the operations performed within each task. Observe how concurrency and parallelism affect the execution and performance of your programs.

Further Reading§

For more information on concurrency and parallelism, consider exploring the following resources:

• Java Concurrency Documentation
• Clojure Concurrency Reference
• Clojure core.async Guide

Exercises§

1. Modify the Java concurrency example to include a third task. Observe how the tasks are interleaved.
2. Use Clojure’s pmap to process a larger collection in parallel. Measure the performance difference compared to using map.
3. Implement an asynchronous task in Clojure using core.async that reads from multiple channels.

Key Takeaways§

• Concurrency involves managing multiple tasks at once, while parallelism involves executing tasks simultaneously.
• Asynchronous programming enhances concurrency by allowing tasks to be managed efficiently without blocking.
• Clojure provides powerful concurrency primitives and libraries like core.async to facilitate concurrent and asynchronous programming.

Now that we’ve explored the differences between concurrency and parallelism, let’s apply these concepts to build more efficient and responsive applications in Clojure.

Quiz: Test Your Understanding of Concurrency and Parallelism§