Writing Expressions and S-Expressions in Clojure

3.4 Writing Expressions and S-Expressions§

In this section, we delve into the core of Clojure programming: expressions and S-expressions. Understanding these concepts is crucial for Java developers transitioning to Clojure, as they form the foundation of how code is structured and executed in this functional programming language.

Understanding Expressions in Clojure§

Expressions in Clojure are the building blocks of the language. Unlike Java, where statements and expressions are distinct, Clojure treats everything as an expression. This means that every piece of code returns a value, making it inherently more composable and flexible.

Prefix Notation§

Clojure uses prefix notation, also known as Polish notation, where the operator precedes its operands. This is a departure from the infix notation used in Java, where operators are placed between operands.

Example: Arithmetic Operations

In Java, you might write an arithmetic expression like this:

int result = 1 + 2 * 3;

In Clojure, the same expression would be written using prefix notation:

;; Clojure expression using prefix notation
(def result (+ 1 (* 2 3)))

Explanation:

• The + operator is placed before its operands 1 and (* 2 3).
• The * operator is also placed before its operands 2 and 3.
• This structure allows for easy nesting of expressions, as seen with the multiplication inside the addition.

S-Expressions: The Heart of Clojure§

S-expressions, or symbolic expressions, are a fundamental concept in Clojure and Lisp languages. They represent both code and data, embodying the principle of homoiconicity, where code is data and vice versa.

Structure of S-Expressions§

An S-expression is typically a list where the first element is a function or operator, and the subsequent elements are arguments.

Example: Function Call

Consider a simple function call in Java:

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

In Clojure, this would be expressed as an S-expression:

;; Clojure function call using S-expression
(println "Hello, World!")

Explanation:

• println is the function being called.
• "Hello, World!" is the argument passed to the function.
• The entire expression is enclosed in parentheses, which is a hallmark of S-expressions.

Nesting S-Expressions§

One of the powerful features of S-expressions is their ability to nest, allowing for complex expressions to be composed in a readable manner.

Example: Nested Expressions

Let’s compare a nested expression in Java and Clojure:

int result = Math.max(10, Math.min(5, 3));

In Clojure, this would be written as:

;; Nested S-expression in Clojure
(def result (max 10 (min 5 3)))

Explanation:

• The max function takes two arguments: 10 and the result of (min 5 3).
• The min function is evaluated first, demonstrating the natural flow of nested S-expressions.

Comparing Java and Clojure Expressions§

To further illustrate the differences and similarities between Java and Clojure, let’s explore a few more examples.

Conditional Expressions§

In Java, conditional logic is often expressed using if statements:

int x = 10;
int y = 20;
int max = (x > y) ? x : y;

In Clojure, the equivalent logic uses the if expression:

;; Conditional expression in Clojure
(def x 10)
(def y 20)
(def max (if (> x y) x y))

Explanation:

• The if expression in Clojure takes three arguments: a condition, a result if true, and a result if false.
• This aligns with the functional nature of Clojure, where expressions return values.

Looping Constructs§

Java uses loops like for and while for iteration:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    System.out.println(i);
}

Clojure uses recursion and higher-order functions instead:

;; Looping in Clojure using recursion
(doseq [i (range 5)]
  (println i))

Explanation:

• doseq is a macro that iterates over a sequence, executing the body for each element.
• range generates a sequence of numbers from 0 to 4.

Try It Yourself§

To solidify your understanding of expressions and S-expressions in Clojure, try modifying the examples above:

1. Arithmetic Challenge: Change the arithmetic expression to calculate (3 + 4) * 5 and print the result.
2. Conditional Logic: Modify the conditional expression to find the minimum of two numbers.
3. Looping Exercise: Use doseq to print the squares of numbers from 1 to 5.

Visualizing S-Expressions§

To better understand the structure of S-expressions, let’s visualize them using a tree diagram.

Diagram Explanation:

• The root node + represents the addition operation.
• The left child 1 is the first operand.
• The right child is another S-expression (* 2 3), representing multiplication.
• This tree structure illustrates how S-expressions naturally represent nested operations.

Key Takeaways§

• Expressions in Clojure: Everything is an expression, returning a value.
• Prefix Notation: Operators precede operands, simplifying nested expressions.
• S-Expressions: Symbolic expressions represent both code and data, enabling powerful abstractions.
• Comparison with Java: Clojure’s expressions offer more flexibility and composability compared to Java’s statements.

By mastering expressions and S-expressions, you unlock the full potential of Clojure’s functional programming paradigm. As you continue your journey, remember to experiment and explore how these concepts can simplify and enhance your code.

Exercises§

1. Rewrite Java Code: Take a simple Java program and rewrite it in Clojure using S-expressions.
2. Create a Function: Write a Clojure function that takes two numbers and returns their average.
3. Explore Nesting: Create a deeply nested S-expression and evaluate it in the REPL.

Further Reading§

For more in-depth exploration of Clojure expressions and S-expressions, consider these resources:

• Official Clojure Documentation
• ClojureDocs
• Clojure for the Brave and True

Quiz: Mastering Clojure Expressions and S-Expressions§